This is a crop phyto trial, and so far, so good, Fatino said as he looked over tomato plots in test fields on the UC Davis campus that had been treated with very low rates of a number of weed killers. Such target-site resistance is also available in other broomrape-susceptible crops but remains to be tested and registered to control broomrape. 47 153159. doi: 10.1021/jf403738p, Finch-Savage, W. E., and Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). One step in the research is to learn if the tomatoes can grow through low level applications of the candidate herbicides. 23, 407413. The regulatory consequences of having this quarantine pest discovered are so draconian there may be a temptation to keep the finding secret, Hanson said. broomrape and bursage relationship. Weed Sci. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1994). J. Phytopathol. Received: 07 October 2015; Accepted: 12 January 2016;Published: 19 February 2016. Resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). Plant Sci. If the vascular connection is not successfully performed in few days the parasitic seedling dies of inanition and therefore quick invasion of the host is of advantage to avoid loss of viability. Bandaranayake, P. C. G., and Yoder, J. I. 47, 153159. Lack of knowledge in the molecular regulation of the host-parasite interaction during crop invasion has impeded the development of varieties carrying transgenes with capacity to inhibit broomrape penetration. doi: 10.1039/b907026e, Boari, A., and Vurro, M. (2004). Aust. 49, 239248. Analysis of resistance criteria of sunflower recombined inbred lines against Orobanche cumana Wallr. 29, 391393. The development of the solutions has usually not been conducted to their end so that many potential ways of controlling broomrape are not on the market. Symplasmic sieve element continuity between Orobanche and its host. And four, despite reports on broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation, and on amino acid fluxes from the host phloem to the parasite, herbicides inhibiting amino acid biosynthesis in the parasite via suppressive action on broomrape-encoded acetolactate synthase (ALS) and enol-pyruvylshikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzymes are able to kill broomrape. (1999). This gene remains silenced during conditioning phase and its activation occurs mediated by host-encoded germination stimulants, i.e., strigolactones, only after the conditioning phase is complete. Researchers are conducting the germination studies to develop a model for the right application time in the UC Davis Contained Research Facility, which is designed to prevent escape of the weed. Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. Influence of nitrogen on germination and early development of broomrape (Orobanche spp.). The activity of glutamine synthetase in broomrape is very low and therefore carries a reduced broomrape ability to detoxify ammonium. Nov 30, 2015. broomrape and bursage relationship. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-049.1, Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Matusova, R., Charnikhova, T., Amini, M., Jamil, M., et al. doi: 10.1002/ps.1706, Keywords: integrated pest management, Orobanche, Phelipanche, parasitism, germination, haustorium, plant recognition, seed bank, Citation: Fernndez-Aparicio M, Reboud X and Gibot-Leclerc S (2016) Broomrape Weeds. Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. Parasitic plants probably evolved to recruit plant defense molecules as host recognition cues (Atsatt, 1977; Matvienko et al., 2001; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). 52, 10501053. Manschadi, A. M., Kroschel, J., and Sauerborn, J. (2012). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049273. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. 3585999. Evaluation of Fusarium spp. As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). Bot. Environ. doi: 10.1002/ps.1742, Vurro, M., Boari, A., Pilgeram, A. L., and Sands, D. C. (2006). It remains unknown whether host factors are required by broomrape radicle to initiate haustorium and consequently this strategy has not been fully explored. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Orobanche species in Sudan: history, distribution and management. Field Crops Res. 54, 144149. Annu. 168, 294297. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011, Losner-Goshen, D., Portnoy, V. H., Mayer, A. M., and Joel, D. M. (1998). The release of phytochemicals by the roots of the allelopathic component in the intercrop inhibits the broomrape germination and/or radicle elongation toward the host component. J. Exp. (2009). by . In some crops, the biomass loss equals to that accumulated by the parasite indicating that damage in the crop is directly attributed to the parasitic sink activity (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998). (2012). Res. Plant Dis. In this study, the temperature-dependent relationship was developed into a predictive model based on growing degree-days (GDD) for small broomrape parasitism in red clover. Epub 2021 Dec 1. de Saint Germain A, Jacobs A, Brun G, Pouvreau JB, Braem L, Cornu D, Clav G, Baudu E, Steinmetz V, Servajean V, Wicke S, Gevaert K, Simier P, Goormachtig S, Delavault P, Boyer FD. 25, 9931004. 62, 70637071. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 2123. Plakhine, D., Eizenberg, H., Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., and Kleifeld, Y. J. Exp. Ann. Weed Res. Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. 9, 200208. doi: 10.1038/nature07271, Gonsior, G., Buschmann, H., Szinicz, G., Spring, O., and Sauerborn, J. Plant Mol. Suttle, J. C., and Schreiner, D. R. (1982). The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Fenugreek root exudates show species-specific stimulation of Orobanche seed germination. (1983). Differential response of pea (Pisum sativum) to Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. doi: 10.1002/9780470168011.ch4, Joel, D. M., Kleifeld, Y., Losner-Goshen, D., Herzlinger, G., and Gressel, J. Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. It is a prolific seed producer. On the contrary, weedy broomrape species are usually generalists attacking annual crops (Schneeweiss, 2007). The amino acid approach to control weeds is inspired on the concept of frenching disease where amino acid end-product inhibits the activity of a controlling enzyme in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway (Vurro et al., 2006, 2009; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). 109, 181195. Isr. TABLE 1. Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00830.x, Draie, R., Pron, T., Pouvreau, J.-B., Vronsi, C., Jgou, S., Delavault, P., et al. 92, 1368. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1368B. Isr. The external cell layer at the root tip differentiates into a papillate cell layer forming an adhesion epithelium (Figure 2D). The capacity of P. orobanchia to reduce broomrape populations is limited by cultural practices and antagonists (Klein and Kroschel, 2002; Aly, 2007). Res. Effect of N-application on sorghum growth, Striga infestation and the osmotic presure of the parasite in relation to the host. Plant Growth Regul. Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. Weed Res. Crop Prot. Seed ultrastructure and water absorption pathway of the root-parasitic plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Orobanchaceae). N-substituted phthalimides as plant bioregulants. seedbank by soil solarization and organic supplementation. Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape. This is a short and delicate stage where the parasite either connects with the host or dies due to nutrient exhaustion. They are attempting to learn if a timely application of an herbicide at a rate high enough to stunt the broomrape, but low enough to spare the tomatoes, can be an effective strategy to minimize crop losses. All rights reserved. Science 349, 540543. The embryos in broomrapes have not morphologically identified cotyledons or shoot meristems and upon germination, only a radicle emerges through the seed coat with the only function of reaching and invading the host. In this process, cellular expansion of the root meristem is redirected from longitudinal to radial and the root apex changes its form from conical to spherical. Bot. In Vitro Cell. Bot. However, exogenous application of GA alone is not sufficient to promote broomrape germination (Takeuchi et al., 1995; Chae et al., 2004) and strigolactone-mediated ABA catabolism in conditioned seeds is required to trigger germination (Lechat et al., 2012). Crop Sci. Am. Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. Abiotic inducers of SAR thus represent an innovative approach to control broomrape parasitism. Are pectinolytic activities of Orobanche cumana seedlings related to virulence towards sunflower? Control 30, 212219. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones. J. Evol. The timing of herbicide application is essential.. (2014). 54, 923927. american fidelity accident insurance. Plant Physiol. 20, 423435. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. Haustorium 53, 13. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. From 1973 to 1982, the California Tomato Research Institute and the industry as a whole spent over $1.5 million on research, surveying and fumigation to achieve eradication levels of this same pest, said Zach Bagley, CTRI managing director. MeSH Crops with target-site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control. In general, parasitized crops suffer from reductions in total biomass at the greatest expense to the reproductive tissue (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Lins et al., 2007). Agric. why is closed source software compiled broomrape and bursage relationship. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. J. Babiker, A. G. T., Hamdoun, A. M., Rudwan, A., Mansi, N. G., and Faki, H. H. (1987). Effect of Brassica campestris var. Mol. They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). Pest Manag. Divers. Therefore, decisions on the date of sowing has to be well-adjusted in order to balance the loss of productivity due to shorter growing period with gain of productivity due to reduced parasitism. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv119, Lechat, M. M., Pouvreau, J. Food Chem. 22, 937947. 50, 211219. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9, Joel, D. M. (2009). Once a field is infested, controlling the broomrape seed bank is very difficult due to its high resilience. Biochem. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr176. Weed Technol. Pest Manag. 50, 277279. The advantage of this approach using fungi is that it can be used in absence of host cultivation (Thomas et al., 1999). 7:248. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-248, Bar-Nun, N., Ben-Hod, G., Lavi, E., and Mayer, A. M. (1996). Fluridone and norflurazon, carotenoid-biosynthesis inhibitors, promote seed conditioning and germination of the holoparasite Orobanche minor. Agron. The .gov means its official. Epub 2014 Oct 16. B., Thoiron, S., Leduc, N., et al. doi: 10.1021/jf991145w, Panetta, F. D., and Lawes, R. (2005). Inhibition of seed conditioning and subsequent germination mediated by inhibitors of GA synthesis reduces the receptivity of broomrape seeds to germination-inducing factors. Parker, C. (2014). As alternative, transgenic resistant crops have been engineered with broomrape-inducible expression of toxins specifically targeting the penetrating broomrape seedling. The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.30.060179.002533. Phytoparasitica 31, 422. Cala, A., Rial, C., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Molinillo, J. M. G., Varela, R. M., Rubiales, D., et al. Expression of sarcotoxin IA gene via a root-specific tob promoter enhanced host resistance against parasitic weeds in tomato plants. (1995). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Systemic translocation of nanoencapsulated herbicides could improve this herbicidal approach (Prez-de-Luque and Rubiales, 2009). A., and Rubiales, D. (2010a). The Broomrape family comprises more than 2000 species of annual and perennial herbs or shrubs, nearly all of which are parasitic on the roots of other plants. Pectin methylesterase in calli and germinating seeds of Orobanche aegyptiaca. Host plant resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche spp. J. Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2007.09.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Prez-de-Luque, A., Prats, E., and Rubiales, D. (2008c). The short version of the story is that "broomrape" is the partially translated 16th-century name of a genus of plants, Genista: European plants called brooms. GA acts positively on germination in dormant non-parasitic species by counteracting ABA (Seo et al., 2009). Rev. Phthalimide-lactones stimulate germination of parasitic weeds, in Proceedings of the XXXV Biennial Meeting of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry, eds J. in Africa and Near East. Bot. The plants have scales in place of leaves and may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white in colour. Nat. Bot. Especially common in tomatoes, hemp broomrape can parasitize a variety of vegetable crops, and its tiny seeds are usually spread by contaminated soil or crop seeds. Updates? Weed Res. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.002335, Musselman, L. J., and Dickison, W. C. (1975). J. Weed Sci. Besides the effects of fertilization management on pre-attached broomrape stages described in previous sections, high soil fertility can induce crops to endure broomrape parasitism by helping the host to maintain a favorable osmotic potential that reduces the parasitic sink strength (Gworgwor and Weber, 1991). (2007). (2009). How Striga parasitizes its host: a TEM and SEM study. The model was developed in greenhouse studies and validated in the field during three growing seasons. 89, 177181. Shortly after host penetration and connection, the parasite begins its heterotrophic growth at the expense of host resources. B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. Sauerborn, J., Linke, K. H., Saxena, M. C., and Koch, W. (1989). based on a life cycle model. Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114453, Yang, Z., Wafula, E. K., Honaas, L. A., Zhang, H., Das, M., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., et al. On the contrary, they must be highly susceptible, as the farmer is the one with the role of stopping the parasitic process by harvesting the catch crop as a green vegetable before the parasite emerges. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.2004.20.2.081, Hasabi, V., Askari, H., Alavi, S. M., and Zamanizadeh, H. (2014). Bacterial inhibition of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche cernua radical elongation. The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. Chae, S. H., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Joel, D. M. (2004). A. C. (1996). Plant Prot. Semagenesis and the parasitic angiosperm Striga asiatica. Observations on the current status of Orobanche and Striga problems worldwide. (2006). J. Exp. 49(Suppl. The first function of haustorium is as adhesion organ to host root surface mediated by a papillae cell layer; (E) adhesion to the root 3 days after germination induction; (F) upon vascular connection with the host, broomape initiates the development of the tubercle, the broomrape storage organ for host-derived nutrients. Thorie Elmentaire de la Botanique. Solarization is a thermal soil disinfestation method that shows high efficiency reducing the viability of the broomrape seed bank along with other harmful organisms to crops such as plant-parasitic nematodes, disease causing microorganisms and non-parasitic weeds. Weed Biol. The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. Haustorium-inducing factors are structurally similar to allelopathic phytotoxins and gene expression of parasitic radicles exposed to haustorium-inducing factors is similar to that after radicle is exposed to phytotoxins (Tomilov et al., 2006). The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. Solarization, a physical control method for weeds and parasitic plants (Orobanche spp.) Paris: Dterville. Not all areas infested by broomrape are suitable for efficient solarization. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). We are trying to predict the timing of germination of broomrape based on the soil temperature and moisture, Mesgaran said. broomrape and bursage relationship. Technol. Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. Post-germination development in broomrape could be probably regulated by their own broomrape-encoded strigolactones as it occurs in the close related parasite Striga hermonthica or in non-parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014; Das et al., 2015). The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Parasitic plants Striga and Phelipanche dependent upon exogenous strigolactones for germination have retained genes for strigolactone biosynthesis. Positive regulation: (1) production by each flower scape of hundreds of thousands of seeds able to survive in the soil for more than 10 years; (2) production by the host plant of strigolactones or glucosinolates that stimulate seed germination (blue arrows). Can. One could even imagine situation Invertases involved in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa: characterization of the dominant soluble acid isoform, PrSAI1. 2. As the broomrape seeds are long-lived and difficult to detect, infested fields are usually quarantined to prevent further spread. A Comprehensive Approach to Evaluate Durum Wheat-Faba Bean Mixed Crop Performance. doi: 10.1007/s11627-007-9054-5, Aly, R., Plakhin, D., and Achdari, G. (2006). In addition, some modifications of host biochemistry have been described in tolerant crops inducing low performance of the parasite when attached. 62, 1048510492. Foy, C. L., Jain, R., and Jacobsohn, R. (1989). Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. 65, 540545. 1, 139146. FBiH - Konkursi za turistike vodie i voditelje putnike agencije. Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth. 31, 285289. Mol. Preconditioning and germination of Orobanche seeds: respiration and protein synthesis. (1969). Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. Resistance in AB-VL-8 is . Biol. Weed Sci. 50, 262268. 41, 127151. 51, 44874503. Weed Res. Novel approaches can increase broomrape control by fungi. 100, 537544. (2015). Mol. (2011). Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). In addition, the biological similarity between host and parasite characterizing broomrape-crop interactions is higher than in other plant pathosystems, which complicates the development of selective methods to control broomrape, without harmful effect in the crop from which it is feeding (Eizenberg et al., 2006; Hearne, 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010; Prez-Vich et al., 2013). This effect may not be applicable to those broomrape species with preference for classes of germination-inducing factors other than strigolactones (Joel et al., 2011; Auger et al., 2012). EM 8884-E Reprinted August 2008 important rotational crop in grass seed production systems. Weed Sci. 42, 292297. (1993). Home wwe 2k20 moveset broomrape and bursage relationship. The concept of trap crops refers to the cultivation of crop species whose root exudates exhibit high germination-inducing activity on broomrape seeds, but these species do not become infected because they are resistant to later stages of the parasitic process indirectly leading to the killing of the young broomrape seedlings due to the lack of proper host. Front Plant Sci. 46, 251256. a close related parasitic weed genus, but these hormones are ineffective in promoting germination of broomrape weeds (Lieberman, 1979; Logan and Stewart, 1995; Berner et al., 1999; Joel, 2000; Toh et al., 2012). Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said Brad Hanson, UC Cooperative Extension weed specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis. Vaucher, J. P. (1823). This approach would inhibit parasitism by killing the young seedling before it attaches to the host root. Plant Dis. Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). Syst. Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. Plant Sci. The host reproductive sinks compete earlier and stronger against the parasitic sink and in consequence less nutritive resources are allocated to the parasite (Manschadi et al., 1996). Sci. doi: 10.1007/s10535-007-0084-y, Vurro, M., Boari, A., Evidente, A., Andolfi, A., and Zermane, N. (2009). The following sections and Table 1 review the major feasible control measures for broomrape control. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1996). Reviewed in Joel et al. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0153-x, Gibot-Leclerc, S., Corbineau, F., Sall, G., and Cme, D. (2004). Plant Sci. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . Original article from AgAlert, California Farm Bureau Federation.). Successful broomrape control should target the underground broomrapes at their earlier life stages, prior attachment or as soon as it attach to the host, because of their highest vulnerability at those stages and the avoidance of yield loss in the current crop. After host adhesion to host root surface the haustorium develops its invasive function of penetrating the host root (Figure 2E). 42, 5760. Agronomie 21, 757765. Plant Microbe Interact. Underground shoots will also develop from the tubercles that will eventually emerge through the soil surface leading into the development of reproductive organs (Figures 2FJ). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Rev. Broomrape attack is more severe on crops growing in low fertility soils. (2009). Plants (Basel). Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields.

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